Animal Protein-Based Foaming Agents in Lightweight Concrete: Chemistry, Performance, and Innovation sles foaming agent
1. Beginning, Make-up, and Molecular Style
1.1 All-natural Resource and Biochemical Profile
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Pet protein-based foaming agents are derived mostly from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from slaughterhouse byproducts such as unguis, horns, bones, and hides.
With regulated alkaline or chemical hydrolysis, these architectural proteins are damaged down into amphiphilic polypeptides abundant in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which possess both hydrophilic (– NH TWO,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) useful teams.
This dual fondness allows the particles to adsorb successfully at air– water interfaces throughout mechanical aeration, minimizing surface area tension and supporting bubble formation– a vital requirement for creating uniform cellular concrete.
Unlike synthetic surfactants, pet protein frothing agents are biodegradable, safe, and show exceptional compatibility with Rose city cement systems because of their ionic nature and modest pH buffering capacity.
The molecular weight circulation of the hydrolysate– generally between 500 and 10,000 Da– directly affects foam stability, drainage rate, and bubble size, making process control during hydrolysis vital for constant performance.
1.2 Foam Generation System and Microstructure Control
When watered down with water (typically at ratios of 1:20 to 1:30) and introduced into a foam generator, the healthy protein service creates a viscoelastic film around entrained air bubbles under high-shear problems.
This movie withstands coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven development of bigger bubbles at the cost of smaller ones– by creating a mechanically robust interfacial layer strengthened with hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions.
The resulting foam exhibits high expansion ratios (usually 15– 25:1) and low drain rates (
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